Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Mandal, Debashis
- 137Cs–A Potential Environmental Marker for Assessing Erosion-Induced Soil Organic Carbon Loss in India
Abstract Views :247 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Debashis Mandal
1,
Nishita Giri
1,
Pankaj Srivastava
1,
Chinmay Shah
2,
Ravi Bhushan
2,
Karunakara Naregundi
3,
M. P. Mohan
3,
Manoj Shrivastava
4
Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
2 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity, Mangalore University, Mangaluru 574 119, IN
4 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
2 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380 009, IN
3 Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity, Mangalore University, Mangaluru 574 119, IN
4 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 117, No 5 (2019), Pagination: 865-871Abstract
The use of Cesium-137 (137Cs) as a potential environmental marker was examined for estimating soil erosion induced carbon losses on slopping agricultural land. Depth-wise incremental soil samples were taken from uneroded reference sites and four levels of cultivated slopping lands representing different erosion phase in Doon valley region of India. Comparing the 137Cs inventories for eroded sites with the reference inventory, the erosion rates were computed. The estimated erosion rates were then compared with the actual measured values of erosion at each erosion phase. Since soil erosion preferentially removes the finer soil particles, these results were used to assess erosion induced loss of OC. The result indicated that erosion in different phases relocate 137 kg C ha–1 in slightly eroded plots to 384 kg C ha–1 in severely eroded plots which in turn contributes to 27 to 77 kg C ha–1 the atmosphere as net source of C respectively.Keywords
137Cs Technology, Soil Erosion, Soil Erosion Induced C-Loss, Soil Conservation, Slopping Agricultural Land.References
- Lal, R., Soil erosion and the global carbon budget. Environ. Int., 2003, 29, 437–450.
- Mandal, D., Dadhwal, K. S., Khola, O. P. S. and Dhyani, B. L., Adjusted T values for conservation planning in Northwest Himalayas of India. J. Soil Water Conserv., 2006, 61, 391–397.
- Lakaria, B. L., Biswas, H. and Mandal, D., Permissible erosion limits for different physiographic regions of Central India. Soil. Use Manage., 2008, 24, 192–198.
- Gregorich, E. G., Greer, K. J., Anderson, D. W. and Liang, B. C., Carbon distribution and losses: erosion and deposition effects. Soil Till. Res., 1998, 47, 291–302; https://doi.org/10.1016/S01671987(98)00117-2.
- Conacher, A., Land degradation: a global perspective. N. Z. Geogr., 2009, 65, 91–94; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2009.01151.x
- Montanarella, L. et al., World’s soils are under threat. Soil, 2016, 2, 79–82.
- Cowie, A. L. et al., Land in balance: The scientific conceptual framework for Land Degradation Neutrality. Environ. Sci. Policy, 2018, 79, 25–35.
- Harden, J. W. et al., Dynamic replacement and loss of soil carbon on eroding cropland. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1999, 13, 885– 901.
- Smith, S. V., Renwick, W. H., Buddemeier, R. W. and Crossland, C. J., Budgets of soil erosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous US. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 2001, 15, 697–707.
- McCarty, G. W. and Ritchie, J. C., Impact of soil movement on carbon sequestration in agricultural ecosystems. Environ. Pollut., 2002, 116, 423–430.
- Ritchie, J. C. and McCarty, G. W., Using 137Cesium to understand soil carbon redistribution on agricultural watersheds. Soil Till. Res., 2003, 69, 45–51.
- Ritchie, J. C., McCarty, G. W., Venteris, E. R. and Kaspar, T. C., Soil and soil organic carbon redistribution on the landscape. Geomorphology, 2007, 89(1–2), 163–171.
- Stallard, R. F., Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 1998, 12, 231–257.
- Berhe, A. A., Harte, J., Harden, J. W. and Torn, M. S., The significance of the erosion induced terrestrial carbon sink. Bioscience, 2007, 57, 337–346.
- Quinton, J. N., Govers, G., Van Oost, K. and Bardgett, R. D., The impact of agricultural soil erosion on biogeochemical cycling. Nature Geosci., 2010, 3, 311–314.
- Jacinthe, P. and Lal, R., A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxide evolution during erosional events. Land Degrad. Dev., 2001, 12, 329–339.
- Wang, L., Shi, Z, H., Wang, J., Fang, N. F., Wu, G. L. and Zhang, H. Y., Rainfall kinetic energy controlling erosion processes and sediment sorting on steep hill slopes. A case study of clay loam soil from Loess plateau, China. J. Hydrol., 2014, 512, 168– 176.
- Jagercikova, M., Cornu, S., Le Bas, C. and Evrard, O., Vertical distributions of 137Cs in soils: a meta-analysis. J. Soils Sediments, 2015, 15, 81–95.
- Takenaka, Ch., Onda, Y. and Hamajima, Y., Distribution of Cesium-137 in Japanese forest soils: correlation with the contents of organic carbon. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 222, 193–199.
- IAEA, Use of Cesium-137 in the study of soil erosion and sedimentation. International Atomic Energy Agency, TECDOC-828, IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 1998.
- Mishra, S., Arae, H., Sorimachi, A., Hosoda, M., Tokonami, S., Ishikawa, T. and Sahoo, S. K., Distribution and retention of Cs radioisotopes in soil affected by Fukushima nuclear plant accident. J. Soils Sediments, 2015, 15, 374–380.
- Szabό, K. Z. et al., Cesium-137 concentration of soils in Pest Country, Hungary. J. Environ. Radioact., 2012, 110, 38–45.
- Velasco , H. et al., Adapting the Caesium-137 technique to document soil redistribution rates associated with traditional cultivation practices in Haiti. J. Environ. Radioact., 2018, 183, 7–16.
- Tamura, T., Selective sorption reactions of Cesium with mineral soil. Nucl. Saf., 1964, 5, 262–268.
- Vlacke, E. and Cremers, A., Sorption-desorption dynamics of radiocaesium in organic matter soils. Sci. Total Environ., 1994, 157, 275–283.
- Andrello, A. C., Guimar, M. F., Appoloni, C. R. and Filho, V. F. N., Use of cesium-137 methodology in the evaluation of superficial erosive processes. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 2003, 46(3), 307–314.
- Konz, N., Prasanh, V. and Alewell, C., On the measurement of alpine soil erosion. Catena, 2012, 91, 63–71.
- Pillai, G. S., Jeevarenuka, K. and Hameed, P. S., Radioactivity in Building Materials of Pudukkottai Geological Region, Tamil Nadu, India. Earth Syst. Environ., 2017, 1, 4; doi:10.1007/s41748017-0005-y.
- Singh, M., Garg, V. K., Gautam, Y. P. and Kumar, A., Transfer factor of 137Cs from soil to wheat grains and dosimetry around Narora Atomic Power Station, Narora, India. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2015, 303, 901–909.
- Mohapatra, S. et al., Distribution of norm and 137Cs in soils of the Visakhapatnam region, Eastern India, and associated radiation dose. Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 2013, 157(1), 95–104.
- Chakrabarty, R. M., Tripathi, V. and Puranik, D., Occurrences of NORMS and 137Cs in soils of the Singhbhum region of Eastern India and associated Radiation Hazard. Radioprotection, 2009, 44(1), 55–68.
- Sankar, M. et al., Nationwide soil erosion assessment in India using radioisotope tracers 137Cs and 210Pb: the need for fallout mapping. Curr. Sci., 2018, 115(3), 388–390.
- Singh, R. J., Ghosh, B. N., Sharma, N. K., Patra, S., Dadhwal, K. S. and Mishra, P. K., Energy budgeting and energy synthesis of rainfed maize-wheat rotation system with different soil amendment applications. Ecol. Indic., 2016, 61, 753–765.
- Jackson, M. L., Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, 498 S. 1958, DM 39.40.
- Walkley, A. and Black, I. A., An examination of the Degtrajeff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 1934, 37, 29–38.
- Blake, G. R. and Hartge, K. H., Bulk density. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 1 – Physical and Mineralogical Methods (ed. Klute, A.), Agronomy Monograph 9, American Society of Agronomy – Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 1986, 2nd edn, pp. 363–382.
- Campbell, B. L., Loughran, R. J. and Elliott, G. L., A method for determining sediment budgets using cesium-137, Sediment Budgets, Porto Alegre Symposium (December 1988), International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS), 1988, 174, 171–179.
- Ritchie, J. C. and McHenry, J. R., Application of radioactive fallout Cesium-137 for measuring soil erosion and sediment accumulation rates and patterns: a review. J. Environ. Qual., 1990, 19, 215–233.
- Walling, D. E. and He, Q., Improved models for estimating soil erosion rates from Cesium-137 measurements. J. Environ. Qual., 1999, 28(2), 611–622.
- Walling, D. E. and He, Q., Models for converting 137Cs measurements to estimates of soil redistribution rates on cultivated and undisturbed soils (including software for model implementation), Report to IAEA, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK, 2001, p. 32.
- Walling, D. E., Using Environmental Radionuclides as Tracers in Sediment Budget Investigations, IAHS Publication, Crediton in Devon, UK, 2003, vol. 283, pp. 57–78.
- Owens, P. N. and Walling, D. E., The use of a numerical mass balance model to estimate rates of soil redistribution on uncultivated land from 137Cs measurements. J. Environ. Radioact., 1998, 40, 185–203.
- Chappell, N. P., Webb, R. A., Viscarra, R. and Bui, E., Australian net (1950s–1990) soil organic carbon erosion: implications for CO2 emission and land-atmosphere modelling. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11, 5235–5244.
- Cremers, A. et al., Quantitative analysis of radiocaesium retention in soils. Nature, 1998, 335, 247–249.
- Khodadadi, M., Mabit, L., Zaman, M., Porto, P. and Gorgi, M., Using 137Cs and 210Pb measurements to explore the effectiveness of soil conservation measures in semi arid land: a case study in the Konhin region of Iran. J. Soils Sediments, 2019, 19(4), 2103– 2113.
- Zhang, J., Yang, M., Sun, X. and Zhang, F., Estimation of wind and water erosion based on slope aspects in the crisscross region of the Chinese Loess plateau. J. Soils Sediments, 2018, 18, 1620– 1631.
- Sharda, V. N. and Mandal, D., Prioritization and field validation of erosion risk areas for combating land degradation in north western Himalayas. Catena, 2018, 164, 71–78.
- Bajracharya, R. M., Lal, R. and Kimble, J. M., Erosion effects on CO2 concentration and C-flux from an Ohio Alfisol. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2000, 64, 694–700.
- Zhang, X. B., Qi, Y. Q., Walling, D. E., He, X. B., Wen, A. B. and Fu, J. X., A preliminary assessment of the potential for using "'Pbex measurement to estimate soil redistribution rates on cultivated slopes in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China. Catena, 2006, 68, 1–9.
- Owens, L. B., Malone, R. W., Hothem, D. L., Starr, G. C. and Lal, R., Sediment carbon concentration and transtport from small watersheds under various conservation tillage practices. Soil Till. Res., 2002, 67, 65–73.
- Roose, E. J., Lal, R., Feller, C., Barthes, B. and Stewart, B. A., Soil Erosion and Carbon Dynamics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006; https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203491935
- Mandal, D. and Dadhwal, K.S., Land evaluation and soil assessment for conservation planning and enhanced productivity. CSWCRTI Annual Report, 2012, p. 90.
- Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Follett, R. F. and Stewart, V. A., Assessment Method for Soil Carbon, CRC Publication, Boca Raton, Washington DC, USA, 2001.
- 137Cs Technology for Soil Erosion and Soil Carbon Redistribution
Abstract Views :258 |
PDF Views:85
Authors
Affiliations
1 Soil Science and Agronomy Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248 195, IN
1 Soil Science and Agronomy Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun 248 195, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 6 (2019), Pagination: 888-889Abstract
137Cs technology has received much attention in the last few years because it can be applied both quickly and efficiently in soil erosion and soil redeposition studies. It is also a unique method for enhancing the efficiency of estimation of soil erosion in eroded and hilly areas. In the process of development of agriculture, 137Cs estimations have become an important tool to reduce soil erosion for boosting food security. The key benefit of using environmental tracers is that they can provide retrospective information on medium-term (~50-yr span, 137Cs) and long-term (~150-yr span, 210Pb) redistribution patterns of soils within the landscapes, without the need for long-term monitoring programmes. 137Cs technology has never been applied to estimate soil redistribution patterns in India, even though there have been severe land-use changes over the past few decades. Here we discuss the importance of 137Cs technology for land degradation, agriculture, food security and carbon sequestration.References
- Tripathi, V. et al., Trends Biotechnol., 2017, 35, 847–859.
- Singh, A., Dubey, P. K. and Abhilash, P. C., Curr. Sci., 2018, 115(4), 611–613.
- Lal, R., Environ. Int., 2003, 29, 437–450.
- Lal, R., Science, 2004, 304, 1623–1627.
- Vásquez-Méndez, R. et al., Catena, 2010, 80, 162–169.
- Mohammad, A. G. and Adam, M. A., Catena, 2010, 81, 97–103.
- Zhou, Z. C., Shangguan, Z. P. and Zhao, D., Ecol. Modell., 2006, 198, 263–268.
- Zapata, F., Handbook for the Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation using Environmental Radionuclides, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 2010, p. 219.
- Mabit, L. et al., Earth Sci. Rev., 2013, 127, 300–307.
- Zhang, X. C. et al., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2015, 79(3), 948–956.
- Zhang, X. C. et al., Catena, 2016, 140, 116–124.
- Buraeva, E. A. et al., Geoderma, 2015, 259–260, 259–270.
- IAEA, Use of cesium-137 in the study of soil erosion and sedimentation. International Atomic Energy Agency TECDOC- 828, IAEA, Vienna, 1998.
- Zheng, F. L., Pedosphere, 2005, 15(6), 707–715.
- Peng, X. H. et al., Pedosphere, 2005, 15(6), 739–745.
- Kirchner, G., Geoderma, 2013, 211–212, 107–115.
- Sankar, M. et al., Curr. Sci., 2018, 115(3), 388–390.
- Soil Erosion and Policy Initiatives in India
Abstract Views :255 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 6 (2021), Pagination: 1007-1012Abstract
Though soil erosion is a natural phenomenon, the rate of erosion has been increased 10 to 100 times because of land conversion (e.g. land conversion from forest to agriculture) and land management (overgrazing, expansion of cultivation). However, behind this land transformation some, socio-cultural and policy decision acts as drivers. Ancient humans had a good knowledge to prevent soil erosion through terracing even 4000 years ago. The decline of civilizations has been closely linked with the degradation of their resources particularly deforestation, accelerated soil erosion and the decline of crop yields. Historical evidences are crucial and provide alternative proxies about soil erosion in the past. Among the various factors, it is portrayed that natural situations, cultural traditions and socio-economic, and governance played a major role in the dynamics and rates of soil erosion in a long-term perspective. Ensuring harmony and keeping balance with nature is a great challenge in a democratic polity with a fast-expanding market economy.Keywords
Conservation Initiatives, Land Degradation, Soil Erosion.References
- Mandal, D. and Sharada, V. N., Assessment of permissible soil loss in India employing a quantitative bio-physical model. Curr. Sci., 2011, 100(3), 383–390.
- Mandal, D., Giri, N. and Srivastava, P., The magnitude of erosioninduced carbon (C) flux and C-sequestration potential of eroded lands in India. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 2020, 71, 151–168.
- Gadgil, M. and Guha, R., This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India, Oxford India Perennials, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1992, ISBN-13:978-0-19-807744-2.
- Xiubin, H., Tang, K. and Zhang, X., Soil erosion dynamics on the Chinese Loess Plateau in the last 10,000 years. Mt. Res. Dev., 2004, 24(4), 342–347.
- Abrol, Y. P., Sangwan, S. and Tiwari, M. K., Land Use – Historical Perspectives: Focus on Indo-Gangetic Plains, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, ISBN: 81-7764-274-X.
- Dhruvanarayana, V. V., Soil and water conservation research in India. Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, 1993.
- Brown, L. R., Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures, Earth Policy Institute, Landon, UK, 2005, p. 235, ISBN: 1-84407185-5.
- Blaikie, P., The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries, Longman, London, UK, 1985, p. 188.
- Tejwani, K. G., Soil and water conservation research in India (a historical and Futuristic perspective). Indian. J. Soil Conserv., 1994, 22(1–2), 1–14.
- Saxena, D. P., Regional Geography of Vedic India, In Grantham, Kanpur, 1976.
- Nene, Y. L. and Sadhale, N., Agriculture and biology in Rigveda. Asian Agri-Hist., 1997, 1(3), 177–190.
- Rangarajan, M., Nature and Nation: Essay on Environmental History, Ashoka University History Series, 2015, ISBN: 978-817824-500-3.
- Demske, D. Tarasov, P. E., Leipe, C., Kolia, B. S., Joshi, L. M. and Long, T., Record of vegetation, climate change, human impact and retting of hemp in Garhwal Himalaya (India) during the past 4600 years. Holocene, 2016, 1–15; doi:10.1177/095968336166 50267.
- Babu, M. S. U. and Nautiyal, S., Historical Issues and Perspectives of Land Resource Management in India: A Review, Working Paper 309, The Institute for Social and Economic Change, 2013. ISBN 978-81-7791-165-7.
- Pant, G. B. and Kumar, K. R., Climates of South Asia. In The Soil Peace Nexus: Our Common Future, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition (ed. Lal, R.), John Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1997, vol. 61(4), pp. 566–578; doi:10.1080/00380768.2015.1065166.
- McNeill, J. R. and Winiwarter, V., Soil, soil’s knowledge and environmental history: an introduction. In Soils and Societies: Perspectives from Environmental History (eds McNeill, J. R., John, R., and Winiwarte, V.), The White House Press, Cambridge, UK, 2010, pp. 1–6.
- Cogo, N. P. and Levien, R., Erosion and productivity, human life. In Encyclopedia of Soil Science (ed. Lal, R.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2002, pp. 428–431; ISBN: 0-8243-0518-1.
- FAO, Soil Conservation and Management in Developing Countries, FAO Soils Bulletin No. 33, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy, 1985, p. 208; ISBN 92-5-100430-7.
- Thapa, G. B. and Weber, K. E., Soil erosion in developing countries: a politico economic explanation. Environ. Manage., 1991, 15(4), 461–473.
- Tripathi, K. P. and Samraj, P., Problem of soil erosion and conservation strategies in the southern hill region with particular reference to the Nilgiris. Indian J. Soil Conserv., 1994, 22(1–2), 94–101.
- Blaikie, P. and Brookfield, H., Land Degradation and Society, Methuen, London, 1987; http://doi.org/10.1177/03091325880120 0425.
- TERI, Economics of desertification land degradation and drought in India. Mesoeconomic assessment of the cost of land degradation in India. The Energy and Resource Institute, New Delhi, 2018, vol. 1, p. 168.
- Reddy, B. V. C., Hoag, D. and Shobha, B. S., Economic incentives for soil conservation in India. In ISCO 2004 – 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference, Brisbane, Australia, July 2004.
- Blakie, P. M. and Mauldavin, J. S. S., Upstream, China, India: the politics of environment in the Himalayan region. Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 2004, 94(3), 520–548.
- Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil and water conservation: a potentially unexplored domain
Abstract Views :184 |
PDF Views:80
Authors
Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun 248 195, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 10 (2021), Pagination: 1573-1577Abstract
There is a general consensus that nature-based biological measures can be used as a valuable tool to improve land quality. Microbial technology, e.g. use of mycorrhizal fungi, has been considered a beneficial option in the rehabilitation of disturbed and degraded lands. Mycorrhizal fungi are extremely important to improve soil aggregation and in turn the porosity, erodibility and even soil fertility. This article provides an insight into how mycorrhizal fungi might play a role in reclamation and revegetation of degraded lands with special focus on soil and water conservation. External hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can bind the small soil particles into micro aggregates by producing a glycoprotein (glomalin) which alone can account for 30–60% of carbon in undisturbed soils. Glomalin is derived specifically from the hyphae of AMF and has not been reported in any other fungal species. Besides agriculture, the presence of AMF in the grassland and forest ecosystems is also of great significance as it helps in establishment of native plant species, soil improvement and carbon storage. The increasing interest of soil conservationists in this glycoprotein is also highlighted in this article.Keywords
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, carbon storage, degraded lands, glycoprotein, soil and water conservation.References
- Mandal, D. and Sharda, V. N., Assessment of permissible soil loss in India employing a quantitative bio-physical model. Curr. Sci., 2011, 100(3), 383–390.
- Mandal, D. and Tripathi, K. P., Soil erosion limits for Lakshadweep Archipelago. Curr. Sci., 2009, 96(2), 276–280.
- Mozafar, A., Anken, T., Ruh, R. and Frossard, E., Tillage intensity, mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal fungi, and nutrient concentrations in maize, wheat, and canola. Agron. J., 2000, 92, 1117–1124.
- Oehl, F., Sieverding, E., Ineichen, K., Mäder, P., Boller, T. and Wiemken, A., Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems of central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2003, 69, 2816–2824.
- Lenka, N. K., Mandal, D. and Sudhishri, S., Permissible soil loss limits for different physiographic regions of West Bengal. Curr. Sci., 2014, 107(4), 665–670.
- Quoreshi, A. M., The use of mycorrhizal biotechnology in restoration of disturbed ecosystem. In Mycorrhizae: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry (eds Siddiqui, Z. A. et al.), Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 2008, pp. 303–320.
- Hooker, J. E., Black, K. E., Perry, R. L. and Atkinson, D., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced alteration to ischolar_main longevity of poplar. Plant Soil, 1995, 172(2), 327–329.
- Yakop, F., Taha, H. and Shivanand, P., Isolation of fungi from various habitats and their possible bioremediation. Curr. Sci., 2019, 116(5), 733–740.
- Marschner, H. and Dell, B., Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant Soil, 1994, 159(1), 89–102.
- Piotrowski, J. S., Annis, S. L. and Longcore, J. E., Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia, 2004, 96(1), 9–15.
- Mandal, D. et al., 137Cs – a potential environmental marker for assessing erosion-induced soil organic carbon loss in India. Curr. Sci., 2019, 117(5), 865–871.
- Rillig, M. C., Sara, F. W. and Valerie, T. E., The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin in soil aggregation: comparing effects of five plant species. Plant Soil, 2002, 238, 325–333.
- Miller, R. M. and Jastrow, J. D., The role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil conservation. Mycorrhizae Sustain. Agric., 1992, 54, 29– 44.
- Costa, O. Y. A., Raaijmakers, J. M. and Kuramae, E. E., Microbial extracellular polymeric substances. Ecological function and impact on soil aggregates. Front. Microbiol., 2018, 9, 1636; doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01636.
- Graham, J. H. and Abott, L. K., Wheat responses to aggressive and non-aggressive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil, 2000, 220, 207–218.
- Xie, H., Li, J., Zhang, B., Wang, L., Wang, J., He, H. and Zhang, X., Long-term manure amendments reduced soil aggregate stability via redistribution of the glomalin-related soil protein in macroaggregates. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 14687.
- Mader, P., Fliessbach, A., Dubois, D., Gunst, L., Fried, P. and Niggli, U., Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science, 2002, 296, 1694–1697; doi:10.1126/science.1071148.
- Wilson, G. W., Rice, C. W., Rillig, M. C., Springer, A. and Hartnett, D. C., Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments. Ecol. Lett., 2009, 12(5), 452–461.
- Domisch, T., Finér, L., Lehto, T. and Smolander, A., Effect of soil temperature on nutrient allocation and mycorrhizas in Scots pine seedlings. Plant Soil, 2002, 239(2), 173–185.
- Gavito, M. E., Olsson, P. A., Rouhier, H., Medina-Peñafiel, A., Jakobsen, I., Bago, A. and Azcón-Aguilar, C., Temperature constraints on the growth and functioning of ischolar_main organ cultures with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 2005, 168(1), 179– 188.
- Wang, B., Funakoshi, D. M., Dalpe, Y. and Hamel, C., Phosphorus-32 absorption and translocation to host plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at low ischolar_main-zone temperature. Mycorrhiza, 2002, 12, 93–96.
- https://www.lebanonturf.com/education-center/biological-planttreatments/mycorrhizalfungi-and-ph-of-soil-or-water (accessed on 4 January 2020).
- Shukla, A., Kumar, A., Jha, A., Salunkhe, O. and Vyas, D., Soil moisture levels affect mycorrhization during early stages of development of agroforestry plants. Biol. Fert. Soils, 2013, 49(5), 545– 554.
- Auge, R. M., Water relations, drought and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza, 2001, 11, 3–42.
- Mendoza, R., Escudero, V. and Garcia, I., Plant growth, nutrient acquisition and mycorrhizal symbioses of a waterlogging tolerant legume (Lotus glaber Mill.) in a saline–sodic soil. Plant Soil, 2005, 275, 305–315.
- Karasawa, T., Arihara, J. and Kasahara, Y., Effects of previous crops on arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of maize under various soil moisture conditions. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 2000, 46, 53–60.
- Tahat, M. M. and Sijam, K., Mycorrhizal fungi and abiotic environmental conditions relationship. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 2012, 6(4), 125–188.
- Melin, E., Physiology of mycorrhizal relations in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 1953, 4, 325–346.
- Melin, E., Die Bedeutung der Mycorrhiza fur die Versorgung der Pflanze mit Mineralstoffen. In Handbuch der Pjlanzenphysiologie (ed. Ruhland, W.), Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1958, p. 1210.
- Paavilainen, E., On the effect of drainage on ischolar_main systems of Scots pine on peat soils. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn., 1966, 66(1), 1–100.
- Abbott, L. K. and Robson, A. D., The effect of soil pH on the formation of VA mycorrhizas by two species of Glomus. Soil Res., 1985, 23(2), 253–261.
- Wang, G. M., Stribley, D. P., Tinker, P. B. and Walker, C., Effects of pH on arbuscular mycorrhiza I. Field observations on the longterm liming experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn. New Phytol., 1993, 124(3), 465–472.
- Ouzounidou, G., Skiada, V., Papadopoulou, K. K., Stamatis, N., Kavvadias, V., Eleftheriadis, E. and Gaitis, F., Effects of soil pH and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) inoculation on growth and chemical composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) leaves. Braz. J. Bot., 2015, 38(3), 487–495.
- Richards, B. N., Soil pH and mycorrhiza development in Pinus. Nature, 1961, 190(4770), 105.
- Bakhshandeh, S., Corneo, P. E., Mariotte, P., Kertesz, M. A. and Dijkstra, F. A., Effect of crop rotation on mycorrhizal colonization and wheat yield under different fertilizer treatments. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2017, 247, 130–136.
- Harinikumar, K. M. and Bagyaraj, D. J., Effect of crop rotation on native vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal propagules in soil. Plant Soil, 1988, 110(1), 77–80.
- Haider, K. R., The effect of cropping rotation and management on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a sustainable dairy cropping system, 2014; https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/22664 (accessed on 5 January 2020).
- Wu, F., Dong, M., Liu, Y., Ma, X., An, L., Young, J. P. W. and Feng, H., Effects of long-term fertilization on AM fungal community structure and Glomalin-related soil protein in the Loess Plateau of China. Plant Soil, 2011, 342(1–2), 233–247.
- Wright, S. F., Franke-Snyder, M., Morton, J. B. and Upadhyaya, A., Time-course study and partial characterization of a protein on hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during active colonization of ischolar_mains. Plant Soil, 1996, 181(2), 193–203.
- Wright, S. F., Rillig, M. C. and Nichols, K. A., Glomalin: a soil protein important in carbon sequestration. In Proceedings of the American Chemical Society Annual Meeting Symposium, 2000, pp. 721–725.
- Six, J., Bossuyt, H., Degryze, S. and Denef, K., A history of research on the link between (micro) aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil Till. Res., 2004, 79(1), 7–31.
- Morel, J. L., Habib, L., Plantureux, S. and Guckert, A., Influence of maize ischolar_main mucilage on soil aggregate stability. Plant Soil, 1991, 136(1), 111–119.
- Mardhiah, U., Caruso, T., Gurnell, A. and Rillig, M. C., Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae reduce soil erosion by surface water flow in a greenhouse experiment. Appl. Soil Ecol., 2016, 99, 137–140; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.11.027
- Kimura, A. C. and Scotti, M. R., Soil aggregation and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as indicators of slope rehabilitation in the São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Soil Water Res., 2016, 11(2), 114–123.
- Celik, I., Ortas, I. and Kilic, S., Effects of compost, mycorrhiza, manure and fertilizer on some physical properties of a chromoxerert soil. Soil Till. Res., 2004, 78, 59–67.
- Bearden, B. N. and Petersen, L., Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil structure and aggregate stability of a Vertisol. Plant Soil, 2000, 218, 173–183.
- Treseder, K. K. and Allen, M. F., Mycorrhizal fungi have a potential role in soil carbon storage under elevated CO2 and nitrogen deposition. New Phytol., 2000, 147, 189–200.
- Wright, S. F. and Anderson, R. L., Aggregate stability and glomalin in alternative crop rotations for the central Great Plains. Biol. Fert. Soil, 2000, 31(3–4), 249–253.
- Wang, W., Zhong, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, H., Fu, Y. and He, X., Glomalin contributed more to carbon, nutrients in deeper soils, and differently associated with climates and soil properties in vertical profiles. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 13003.
- Xu, M., Li, X., Cai, X., Li, X., Christie, P. and Zhang, J., Land use alters arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and their potential role in carbon sequestration on the Tibetan Plateau. Sci. Rep.,
- , 7(1), 3067.
- Mandal, D., Giri, N. and Srivastava, P., The magnitude of erosioninduced carbon (C) flux and C-sequestration potential of eroded lands in India. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 2020, 71(2), 151–168.